{"id":11973,"date":"2021-04-03T19:05:32","date_gmt":"2021-04-03T19:05:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lifeandstyle.ro\/?p=11973"},"modified":"2021-04-03T20:41:00","modified_gmt":"2021-04-03T20:41:00","slug":"evolutia-constructiilor-si-urbanismului-in-secolul-xix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lifeandstyle.ro\/index.php\/2021\/04\/03\/evolutia-constructiilor-si-urbanismului-in-secolul-xix\/","title":{"rendered":"Evolu\u0163ia construc\u0163iilor \u015fi urbanismului \u00een secolul XIX"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

O c\u0103l\u0103torie \u00een timp ce prezint\u0103 evolu\u0163ia construc\u0163iilor din Bucure\u015fti \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolului XIX demonstreaz\u0103 un mix de elemente vechi orientale la care treptat se adaug\u0103 elementele noi de influen\u0163\u0103 occidental\u0103. Modul de locuire a suferit \u015fi el \u00een timp schimb\u0103ri radicale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arhitectura \u015fi stilul de via\u0163\u0103, influen\u0163\u0103 oriental\u0103<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen prima jum\u0103tate a secolului XIX foarte multe din construc\u0163ii se prezentau sub forma arhitecturii vernaculare: case-bordei \u00eenconjurate de vegeta\u0163ie, livezi \u015fi gr\u0103dini, case cu prisp\u0103 deschis\u0103, cu st\u00e2lpi de lemn \u015fi geamuri mici pe structur\u0103 de lemn (geaml\u00e2curi). Deasemenea \u015fi case cu intrare spre pivni\u0163\u0103 (g\u00e2rlici) \u015fi pridvor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00centre elementele orientale distincte se poate aminti sacna\u015fiul, balconul (sau \u00eenc\u0103perea) la etaj, ie\u015fit \u00een afar\u0103 \u015fi \u00eenchis cu geaml\u00e2c sau obloane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Se deosebesc \u015fi casele oamenilor cu stare, case cu parter \u00eenalt, cu geaml\u00e2c, acoperi\u015f \u015fi copertin\u0103 metalic\u0103, cu dependin\u0163e retrase. Deasemenea casele boiere\u015fti cu etaj, curte larg\u0103, cu dependin\u0163e \u015fi \u00eemprejmuire \u00eenalt\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

O categorie aparte de case, care se \u00eenmul\u0163esc odat\u0103 cu cre\u015fterea comer\u0163ului, sunt cele de t\u00e2rgove\u0163i \u015fi apoi de negustori.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apar apoi \u015fi imobilele cu pr\u0103v\u0103lii la parter \u015fi apartamente la etaj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Case de t\u00e2rgove\u0163<\/em>, actualmente case protejate (Strada Traian \u015fi Calea \u015eerban Vod\u0103, foto jos).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hanurile <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

O alt\u0103 categorie aparte sunt hanurile. Multe dintre ele au fost construite chiar la \u00eenceputul secolului XIX. Din p\u0103care, construc\u0163iile de calitate slab\u0103, incendiile \u015fi cutremurele care s-au produs, la care se adaug\u0103 \u015fi lipsa de interes a autorit\u0103\u0163ilor pentru case vechi istorice \u015fi cu relevan\u0163\u0103 arhitectural\u0103, a dus la dispari\u0163ia majorit\u0103\u0163ii dintre ele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un exemplu tipic este Hanul lui Manuc<\/strong>. \u00cen anul 1806 Manuc \u00eencepe construc\u021bia hanului ce va fi terminat\u0103 \u00een 1808.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Foto commons.wikimedia.org<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stilul construc\u0163iei este oriental, \u00een construc\u0163ie folosindu-se mult lemn. La vremea aceea, arhitectura sa era destul de inovativ\u0103. Manuc dorea ca hanul s\u0103u s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 alura de fort\u0103rea\u0163\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arhitectura exact\u0103 a hanului \u00een configura\u021bia sa ini\u021bial\u0103 nu se cunoa\u0219te. \u00cens\u0103, din descrierile din acea vreme reiese c\u0103 la subsol se aflau 15 pivni\u021be boltite, la parter existau 23 de pr\u0103v\u0103lii, dou\u0103 saloane mari, zece magazii, camere de servitori, buc\u0103t\u0103rii \u0219i un tunel \u00een care \u00eenc\u0103peau cam 500 de persoane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Foto commons.wikimedia.org<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Etajul dispunea de 107 od\u0103i, cele mai multe folosite pentru oaspe\u021bi. \u00cen curtea interioar\u0103 exista o cafenea \u0219i o mic\u0103 gr\u0103din\u0103 cu f\u00e2nt\u00e2n\u0103 artezian\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Foto commons.wikimedia.org<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hanul cu Tei<\/strong> a fost construit \u00een anul 1833 de c\u0103tre Anastasie Hagi, Gheorghe Polizu \u0219i \u0218tefan Popovici, pe strada Lipscani. Era cunoscut \u0219i sub numele de Hanul de pe Uli\u021ba cea mare a Marchitanilor<\/em>. Este singurul han istoric din Bucure\u0219ti care \u0219i-a p\u0103strat forma de origine. Actualmente construc\u0163ia, care ad\u0103poste\u015fte numeroase galerii de art\u0103 \u015fi un restaurant, este \u00eencadrat\u0103 ca monument istoruc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0103tre un stil occidental<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Trebuie spus c\u0103 evolu\u0163ia spre o arhitectur\u0103 \u015fi o urbanistic\u0103 mai evoluat\u0103 a necesitat un timp. Consemn\u0103m \u015fi un moment important. Prima lege organic\u0103 cvasi-constitu\u021bional\u0103 \u00een \u021aara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 \u0219i Moldova a fost promulgat\u0103 \u00een 1831-1832 de c\u0103tre autorit\u0103\u021bile imperiale ruse\u0219ti \u0219i a r\u0103mas valabil\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 1858. Conservator \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, documentul a ini\u021biat totu\u0219i o perioad\u0103 de reforme, care au pus baza occidentaliz\u0103rii societ\u0103\u021bii locale. \u00cen afar\u0103 de deschiderea c\u0103tre civiliza\u0163ia occidental\u0103, Regulamentul organic a adus schimb\u0103ri fundamentale \u00een urbanism. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een acest moment Bucure\u015ftiul, ca \u015fi alte ora\u015fe din cele dou\u0103 \u0163\u0103ri, erau organizate pe mahalale \u015fi maidane. Practic nu existau str\u0103zi. Noua civiliza\u0163ie a adus organizarea cu str\u0103zi \u015fi, deasemenea important, casele au c\u0103p\u0103tat numere pentru identificare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00censemn\u0103rile spun c\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 prin 1850, \u00een timpul iernilor grele, haite de lupi din p\u0103direa Vl\u0103siei se av\u00e2ntau cu venirea serii p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een centrul Bucure\u015ftiului iar oamenii nu mai puteau ie\u015fi din case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A doua jum\u0103tate a secolului XIX<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Pe fondul reformelor din timpul domniei lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859 \u2013 1866) \u015fi al suflului \u00eennoitor adus de Carol I (1866 \u2013 1914), via\u0163a locuitorilor se \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163e\u015fte. \u00cen Bucure\u015fti se stabilesc din ce \u00een ce mai mul\u0163i arhitec\u0163i, constructori-antreprenori, me\u015fteri \u015fi negustori str\u0103ini. Ini\u0163ial, ace\u015fti antreprenori cehi, nem\u0163i, dar \u00een special italieni au adus modelele stilistice din \u0163\u0103rile lor. Printre astfel de arhitec\u0163i \u015fi ingineri se pot enumera: J.E. Berthet, Paul Gottereau, L. Lipizer, Z. Kofczinski, A. Godillot, G. Magni, etc. Func\u0163ii importante tehnice din ministere care reglementeaz\u0103 urbanismul \u015fi construc\u0163iile sunt ocupate de speciali\u015fti cu experien\u0163\u0103 din Germania, Cehia, Fran\u0163a sau Italia.\u00a0 \u00cen anii \u201970 \u015fi \u201980 ajung deasemenea \u00een capital\u0103 mul\u0163i furnizori str\u0103ini de materii prime, mobilier sau utilit\u0103\u0163i, at\u00e2t de necesare moderniz\u0103rii caselor \u015fi construc\u0163iilor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Influen\u0163\u0103 occidental\u0103<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce protipendada c\u0103l\u0103tore\u015fte sau are acces la surse de inspira\u0163ie din Occident, construirea sau decorarea caselor devine din ce \u00een ce mai elaborat\u0103. Acum este \u00een pas cu stilurile marilor capitale europene, sunt adoptate stiluri occidentale, la mod\u0103 \u00een acea perioad\u0103. Deasemenea elemente de arhitectur\u0103 occidental\u0103 sunt mixate cu arhitectura local\u0103, de inspira\u0163ie oriental\u0103. Astfel se pot \u00eent\u00e2lni \u00een acea vreme stilul arhitectural medieval occidental, neogotic, eclectic\u00a0 \u015fi neoclasic francez, neo-renescentist, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dup\u0103 1860, \u00een cadrul sec\u0163iilor tehnice ale departamentelor comunale sau ministeriale se observ\u0103 o prezen\u0163\u0103 mult mai numeroas\u0103 a rom\u00e2nilor, care se specializeaz\u0103 \u015fi ocup\u0103 func\u0163ii administrative diverse. Treptat ei se vor ocupa \u015fi de proiecte private. Au \u00eenceput s\u0103 proiecteze modern sau s\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163easc\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 extind\u0103 construc\u0163iile mai vechi, de dinainte de marele incendiu din 1847. Tinerii rom\u00e2ni \u00eencep s\u0103 se specializeze \u00een universit\u0103\u0163ile tehnice sau \u015fcoli de art\u0103 \u015fi arhitectur\u0103 \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate, activitatea constructiv\u0103 diversific\u00e2ndu-se \u00een ultimele decenii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ascensiunea economic\u0103 \u015fi politic\u0103 a burgheziei, care a determinat declan\u015farea unei restructur\u0103ri a ora\u015felor, \u00een special a capitalei, a fost \u00eenso\u0163it\u0103 \u00a0\u00een prima perioad\u0103 de dezvoltare a arhitecturii moderne rom\u00e2ne\u015fti. Deasemenea de o tendin\u0163\u0103 marcat\u0103 spre imitarea stilurilor istorice ce dominau \u00een acea epoc\u0103 \u00een toate \u0163\u0103rile Europei. Dar, a\u015fa cum am ar\u0103tat \u015fi datorit\u0103 antreprizelor str\u0103ine ajunse \u00een c\u0103utare de lucru pe meleagurile noastre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stilul neorom\u00e2nesc<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Interesul \u015fi pre\u0163uirea acordate de intelectualitatea rom\u00e2n\u0103 progresist\u0103 crea\u0163iilor populare autohtone, precum \u015fi dezvoltarea limbii, a literaturii \u015fi a picturii na\u0163ionale au stimulat proiectele de case cu decora\u0163ii proprii stilului neorom\u00e2nesc, chiar dac\u0103 de multe ori erau asimil\u0103ri decorative din alte zone geografice. Curentul a ap\u0103rut la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului XIX. Dar stilul neorom\u00e2nesc <\/a>a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie asimilat de rom\u00e2nii \u00eenst\u0103ri\u0163i \u00een primii ani ai secolului al XX-lea. Ulterior s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u015fi \u00een Transilvania.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Astfel de case, distinctive prin compozi\u0163ia fa\u0163adelor \u015fi ornamente, prezint\u0103 un amestec de elemente bizantine, etnice, \u0163\u0103r\u0103ne\u015fti, precum \u015fi\u00a0unele motive de art\u0103 otoman\u0103 sau din arhitectura otoman\u0103 \u015fi chiar teme de rena\u015ftere italian\u0103 t\u00e2rzie. \u00centre elementele bizantine remarc\u0103m rcadele scurte, coloanele mici \u015fi groase. Ca elemente de arhitectur\u0103 otoman\u0103 distingem aspectul masiv, de cetate, al caselor)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bufetul de la \u015eosea (Casa Doina), \u00een realizarea arhitectului Ion Mincu, este exemplu clasic de cas\u0103 \u00een stil neorom\u00e2nesc. A fost construit \u00een 1892 \u015fi din ini\u0163iativa lui Petre P. Carp, atunci ministru al lucr\u0103rilor publice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Material realizat cu sprijinul Asocia\u0163iei Istoria Artei<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foto debut: commons.wikimedia.org<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O c\u0103l\u0103torie \u00een timp ce prezint\u0103 evolu\u0163ia construc\u0163iilor din Bucure\u015fti \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolului XIX demonstreaz\u0103<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11996,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,12],"tags":[2386,2379,2383,2199,2385,2381,2387,2384,2380,2382,68],"class_list":["post-11973","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arhitectura","category-lifestyle","tag-arcade-scurte","tag-arhitectura-verniculara","tag-case-de-targovet","tag-elemente-bizantine","tag-elemente-etnice","tag-geamlac","tag-hanul-lui-manuc","tag-hanuri","tag-prispa-deschisa","tag-sacnasiu","tag-stil-neoromanesc"],"yoast_head":"\nEvolu\u0163ia construc\u0163iilor \u015fi urbanismului \u00een secolul XIX - 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