{"id":1632,"date":"2020-04-22T19:32:57","date_gmt":"2020-04-22T19:32:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lifeandstyle.ro\/?p=1632"},"modified":"2023-09-11T22:23:00","modified_gmt":"2023-09-11T22:23:00","slug":"un-posibil-viitor-case-circulare-si-deschise","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lifeandstyle.ro\/index.php\/2020\/04\/22\/un-posibil-viitor-case-circulare-si-deschise\/","title":{"rendered":"Un posibil viitor: case rotunde \u015fi deschise"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Tr\u0103im \u00een case paralelipipedice, iar mobilierul, accesoriile \u015fi aparatele electrocasnice prezint\u0103 mai mult sau mai pu\u0163in unghiuri, fiind concepute pentru \u00eenc\u0103peri tot paralelipipedice. Totu\u015fi numai \u00een acest mod putem utiliza spa\u0163iul optim. Corespund acestea, \u00eens\u0103, sensului dat ast\u0103zi eficien\u0163ei? Afirm\u0103m c\u0103 dorim ca totul s\u0103 fie c\u00e2t mai natural. Uit\u0103m \u00eens\u0103 la construc\u0163ia caselor c\u0103 natura nu lucreaz\u0103 niciodat\u0103 \u00een unghiuri, c\u0103 este mai probabil s\u0103 ne g\u0103sim confortul \u00eentre volume, suprafe\u0163e \u015fi linii curbe!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00centr-at\u00e2t ne-am obi\u015fnuit cu formele dreptunghiulare, \u00eenc\u00e2t cl\u0103dirile rotunde ne sunt, dac\u0103 nu str\u0103ine, oricum ciudate.  Astfel spa\u0163iile de locuit rotunde ni se par chiar absurde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Totu\u015fi structurile rotunde ofer\u0103 \u00een mod sigur anumite avantaje. Ce ne este str\u0103in ast\u0103zi are r\u0103d\u0103cini ad\u00e2nci \u00een alte culturi. Aici unele dintre acestea au atins un nivel \u00eenalt al civiliza\u0163iei. A\u015fadar, ar fi deosebit de profitabil s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m din experien\u0163ele pozitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fujian Tulou<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

De la tulou la domul geodezic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

De fapt, ideea caselor rotunde nu este nou\u0103, ci se reg\u0103se\u015fte \u00een multe zone din Asia (\u00een special \u00een China) \u015fi Africa \u015fi chiar \u00een regiunile polare.\u00cen mod simila, formele circulare au fost utilizate de-a lungul a mii de ani. Astfel, ele pot fi reg\u0103site \u00een Antichitate, Evul Mediu, Iluminism \u015fi, bine\u00een\u0163eles, \u00een epoca modern\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen cultura chinez\u0103, tulou, adic\u0103 locuin\u0163ele tradi\u0163ionale erau construite \u00een sud-estul \u0163\u0103rii \u00eenc\u0103 din secolul al XII-lea. Ele prezentau o organizare complex\u0103. Erau ridicate \u00een jurul unei cur\u0163i interioare circulare. Pere\u0163ii sunt \u00eenal\u0163i din lut. Aceste case rotunde puteau ajunge la cinci niveluri \u015fi g\u0103zdui aproape 800 de persoane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre, o parte din popula\u0163ia mongol\u0103 (\u00een special cea nomad\u0103) tr\u0103ie\u015fte \u00een iurte rotunde. Deasemenea, inui\u0163ii locuiesc \u00een igluuri din z\u0103pad\u0103, tot rotunde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Vila Rotonda
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Hagia Sofia, Istambul<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen mod similar, \u00een istorie, Colosseum-ul (cel mai mare amfiteatru din lume), bisericile, domurile \u015fi moscheile, donjonurile \u015fi turnurile castelelor (\u00een Evul Mediu), Vila Rotonda  (\u00een perioada Iluminismului) s-au remarcat prin formele lor circulare. Cheese Bell (arhitectur\u0103 experimental\u0103 dup\u0103 Primul R\u0103zboi Mondial \u00een Germania), farurile, turnurile de ap\u0103, iar \u00een zilele noastre stadioanele (de\u015fi, \u00een interior, suprafe\u0163ele de joc sunt dreptunghiulare), muzeele, s\u0103lile de spectacol \u015fi numeroase cl\u0103diri reziden\u0163iale se remarc\u0103 deasemenea prin forme circulare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Dom modern \u00een ora\u015ful La Coruna<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Construc\u0163ii tip dom moderne. Cas\u0103 ecologic\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 rotund\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Domul este un element structural comun arhitectural care este foarte asem\u0103n\u0103tor cu jum\u0103tatea unei sfere. Cele mai cunoscute \u015fi recunoscute domuri reprezint\u0103 structurile arhitecturale care finalizeaz\u0103 bisericile (cum este Domul Basilicii Sf\u00e2ntului  Petru din Roma) sau cl\u0103dirile oficiale importante (cum este Capitoliul din Washington), fiind simultan tavane \u015fi acoperi\u015furi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Basilica Sf\u00e2ntu Petru din Roma
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Cl\u0103direa Capitoliului din Washington<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Arhitec\u0163i renumi\u0163i, ca Frank Lloyd Wright, Bruno Taut, Zaha Hadid sau Frank Gehry, au avut un apetit special pentru construc\u0163ii de acest fel. De asemenea, multe dintre casele ecologice care au fost ridicate \u00een ultima perioad\u0103 sunt domuri geodezice. Ele sunt caracterizate printr-o form\u0103 sferic\u0103, ce le protejeaz\u0103 de razele soarelui \u015fi de v\u00e2nturile puternice, care nu se mai lovesc perpendicular de ziduri. Deasemenea tot forma sferic\u0103 le asigur\u0103 o \u00eenc\u0103lzire solar\u0103 mai bun\u0103 \u00een sezonul rece.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kaselglocke (Cheese Bell)<\/strong>, casa rotund\u0103 modern\u0103<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen cadrul experimentelor arhitecturale \u00eencepute dup\u0103 Primul R\u0103zboi Mondial, arhitectul Bruno Taut a creat \u00een anul 1921 o cas\u0103 acoperit\u0103 cu o structur\u0103 din lemn \u00een form\u0103 de dom. Aceasta va fi cunoscut\u0103 sub numele de Kaselglocke (Cheese Bell), datorit\u0103 asem\u0103n\u0103rii sale  cu clopotul de sticl\u0103 care se pune pe un platou pentru a proteja br\u00e2nza. Casa a fost construit\u0103 de scriitorul Edwin Koenemans \u00een 1926 \u00een ora\u015ful arti\u015ftilor Worpswede din Germania. Intr\u00e2nd \u00een categaria arhitecturii organice precum \u015fi fiind foarte interesant\u0103 din punctul de vedere al locuirii \u015fi stilului de via\u0163\u0103 \u00een astfel de spa\u0163ii, actualmente casa este muzeu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cenc\u0103 de la acea dat\u0103, locuirea \u00eentr-un astfel de spa\u0163iu circular  era considerat\u0103 foarte confortabil\u0103 (cosy). Astfel, diametrul de 10 m asigur\u0103 un spa\u0163iu extrem de generos pentru o familie, inclusiv la etaj. De altfel, Edwin Koenemans obi\u015fnuia s\u0103 \u00eenchirieze acest spa\u0163iu. Co\u015ful formeaz\u0103 axele principale \u00een jurul c\u0103reia se deschid camerele individuale, at\u00e2t la parter c\u00e2t \u015fi la etaj. La parter, \u00een livingul de dimensiuni mari se reg\u0103se\u015fte un \u015femineu impun\u0103tor. Fa\u0163\u0103 de proiectul ini\u0163ial, \u00een care ferestrele aveau mai degrab\u0103 form\u0103 triunghiular\u0103, casa construit\u0103 are ferestre dreptunghiulare. Cele de la etaj sunt situate \u00een lucarne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015ei \u00een R\u0103zboiul Stelelor<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Inspir\u00e2ndu-se din arhitectura caselor din de\u015fert, a c\u0103ror form\u0103 circular\u0103 face fa\u0163\u0103 mai bine condi\u0163iilor climaterice vitrege din aceast\u0103 zon\u0103, George Lukas \u015fi-a imaginat \u00eenc\u0103 de acum aproape o jum\u0103tate de secol casele viitorului ca av\u00e2nd aceast\u0103 form\u0103. Pentru \u201eR\u0103zboiul Stelelor\u201d, el a construit \u00een de\u015fertul Sahara (Tunisia) un ora\u015f cu locuin\u0163e circulare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Realizate subteran, casele troglodi\u0163ilor, aflate de asemenea \u00een de\u015fertul Sahara, sunt rotunde \u015fi au \u00een centrul lor o curte. Aceasta are mai multe roluri: spa\u0163iu ce \u00eenlesne\u015fte accesul luminii, gr\u0103din\u0103 \u015fi loc de socializare. \u00cenc\u0103perile sunt s\u0103pate \u00een pere\u0163i circular, eventual pe mai multe etaje. Multe dintre ideile acestor construc\u0163ii se reg\u0103sesc \u00een prezent \u00een arhitectura caselor ecologice. Deasemenea, mul\u0163i arhitec\u0163i s-au inspirat tot din aceste idei prefigur\u00e2nd casele ideale ale viitorului <\/a> (vezi proiectele DAS HAUS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dar de ce circular, rotund?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ca forme de baz\u0103, cercul \u015fi, respectiv, sfera (\u00een spa\u0163iu) au o semnifica\u0163ie aparte, reprezent\u00e2nd unitatea \u015fi ordinea ideal\u0103. Fiecare punct de pe cerc sau de pe suprafa\u0163a sferei este egal dep\u0103rtat de centru. Dispare ideea de \u201e\u00een fa\u0163\u0103\u201d sau \u201e\u00een spate\u201d, de \u00eenceput sau de sf\u00e2r\u015fit. Cu alte cuvinte, \u201enu mai exist\u0103 muchii, bariere sau col\u0163uri\u201d, a\u015fa cum spune designerul Sebastian Herkner, referindu-se la proiectul s\u0103u de cas\u0103 perfect\u0103 (Das Haus, 2016)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arhitectura organic\u0103<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Forma rotund\u0103 corespunde principiilor de design ale arhitecturii organice. Astfel structurile proiectate \u00een acest stil arhitectural nu sunt numai manifest\u0103ri sociale \u015fi culturale. Acestea influen\u0163eaz\u0103 via\u0163a celor care interac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 cu ele at\u00e2t la interior, c\u00e2t \u015fi la exterior. O idee fundamental\u0103 a arhitecturii organice este aceea de a proiecta casele plec\u00e2nd de la interior \u015fi ajung\u00e2nd gradat la exterior. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 cerin\u0163ele legate de stilul de via\u0163\u0103, confortul, se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul proiect\u0103rii. \u00cen concluzie, o structur\u0103 de acest fel este menit\u0103 s\u0103 vin\u0103 \u00een continuarea mediului \u00eenconjur\u0103tor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Muzeul Guggenheim din New York<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Cele mai cunoscute exemple de arhitectur\u0103 organic\u0103 sunt Muzeul Guggenheim din New York, Falling Water House (Frank Lloyd), Kaselglocke din Worpswede (Bruno Taut), Casa Operei din China (Zaha Hadid), Sala de Concerte Walt Disney din Los Angeles (Frank Gehry) etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DAS HAUS 2016, o cas\u0103 circular\u0103 <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Edi\u0163ia din anul 2016 a expozi\u0163iei imm cologne, \u00een cadrul c\u0103reia se prezint\u0103  proiectul unei case (Das Haus \u2013 Interiors on stage<\/a>) ce puncteaz\u0103 at\u00e2t tendin\u0163ele \u00een design, c\u00e2t \u015fi schimb\u0103rile \u00een stilul de via\u0163\u0103, a repus pe tapet tema locuin\u0163elor circulare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Casa propus\u0103 de c\u0103tre Sebastian Herkner, designerul desemnat s\u0103 conceptualizeze acest proiect, a fost ceva deosebit, \u00eentr-un contrast \u00eendr\u0103zne\u0163 nu numai cu locuin\u0163ele propuse \u00een edi\u0163iile anterioare, ci \u015fi cu conven\u0163iile de trai de p\u00e2n\u0103 acum. Este o construc\u0163ie circular\u0103, desf\u0103\u015furat\u0103 pe 200 de metri p\u0103tra\u0163i, mai mult sau mai pu\u0163in transparent\u0103, lipsit\u0103 de pere\u0163i solizi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Designul aduce vag cu cel al unei iurte sau cu arhitectura tradi\u0163ional chinezeasc\u0103, asigur\u00e2nd o protec\u0163ie bun\u0103 la v\u00e2nt, soare \u015fi frig. \u00cen interior, \u00eentocmai ca miezul unei cepe, se g\u0103se\u015fte o curte sau o gr\u0103din\u0103 care joac\u0103 un rol conceptual foarte important. Este cel mai plin de via\u0163\u0103 loc de \u00eent\u00e2lnire al locuin\u0163ei. Mobilierul, a\u015fezat \u00een mod liber, ca pe o scen\u0103, acoper\u0103 un spectru extrem de divers de obiecte. De la canapele \u015fi scaune p\u00e2n\u0103 la piese de exterior \u015fi l\u0103mpi, acestea provin de la branduri importante, dar \u015fi de la \u201ejuc\u0103tori\u201d mai mici, care realizeaz\u0103 produse autentice, \u00eentr-o serie mic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

 \u201eCasa pe care am conceput-o este foarte deschis\u0103: te invit\u0103 s\u0103 intri, s\u0103 sim\u0163i, s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u015fe\u015fti, s\u0103 comunici cu al\u0163ii. De aceea, forma circular\u0103 a fost cea mai potrivit\u0103\u201d, spune Sebastian Herkner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avantajele caselor rotunde<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen cazul caselor circulare, proiectarea trebuie s\u0103 defineasc\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 rezolve \u00een primul r\u00e2nd organizarea spa\u0163ial\u0103. Prin absen\u0163a zidurilor solide \u015fi fixe, de exemplu, rezult\u0103 mai mult spa\u0163iu \u015fi o flexibilitate mai mare. Prin urmare, se simplific\u0103 adaptarea \u015fi reconfigurarea structurii interioare. Desigur, o astfel de arhitectur\u0103 implic\u0103 schimb\u0103ri importante at\u00e2t \u00een stilul de via\u0163\u0103, c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00een industria mobilierului. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen mod cert, aceste case prezint\u0103 numeroase avantaje. Sunt stabile, prezint\u0103 un grad de protec\u0163ie \u015fi izolare superior, necesit\u0103 mai pu\u0163ine materiale fa\u0163\u0103 de cele paralelipipedice cu aceea\u015fi suprafa\u0163\u0103 locuibil\u0103. Toate acestea se pot demonstra matematic. Astfel, at\u00e2t pierderile de energie, c\u00e2t \u015fi cantit\u0103\u0163ile de materiale folosite pentru ridicarea lor sunt \u00een medie cu 13% mai mici comparativ cu cele mai bine construite case clasice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

De asemenea, casele rotunde sunt mai ferite de razele soarelui \u00een sezonul cald \u015fi de v\u00e2nturile puternice. \u00cen sezonul rece sunt \u00eenc\u0103lzite mai bine de lumina solar\u0103. Mai sunt \u015fi beneficii suplimentare. C\u00e2nd temperatura scade, casele rotunde au o expunere mai mare la soare. \u00cen timpul iernii, razele soarelui p\u0103trund \u00een interior, sfera oferind suprafa\u0163\u0103 de expunere mai mare. \u00cen schimb, \u00een timpul verii, razele soarelui cad perpendicular pe un acoperi\u015f plat \u00eens\u0103 pe o sfer\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103lzesc o suprafa\u0163\u0103 mult mai mic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Desigur, \u00een cazul unor astfel de construc\u0163ii, apare problema deschiderilor. Datorit\u0103 tehnologiilor actuale, \u00eens\u0103, exist\u0103 numeroase solu\u0163ii care pot rezolva lesne neajunsul ferestrelor curbate, precum \u015fi inconveniente de tipul cum s\u0103 fie produs \u015fi aranjat mobilierul f\u0103r\u0103 col\u0163uri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen prezent sunt oferite pe pia\u0163\u0103 numeroase modele \u015fi tipuri de domuri geodezice din lemn, metal sau sticl\u0103. Acestea pot fi personalizate \u015fi configurate \u00een mai multe moduri, inclusiv cu acoperi\u015f verde. Sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite triangular \u015fi pot avea deschideri foarte mari. Aceasta f\u0103r\u0103 a se utiliza \u00eens\u0103 \u00een acest scop puncte de sprijin interioare, ci doar sus\u021binere perimetral\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foto: imm cologne<\/a>, shutterstock<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tr\u0103im \u00een case paralelipipedice, iar mobilierul, accesoriile \u015fi aparatele electrocasnice prezint\u0103 mai mult sau mai<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,12],"tags":[73,323,172,324,325],"class_list":["post-1632","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arhitectura","category-lifestyle","tag-acoperis-verde","tag-arhitectura-organica","tag-case-ecologice","tag-dom-geodezic","tag-structuri-circulare"],"yoast_head":"\nUn posibil viitor: case circulare \u015fi deschise. 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