{"id":2157,"date":"2020-04-30T21:57:31","date_gmt":"2020-04-30T21:57:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lifeandstyle.ro\/?p=2157"},"modified":"2021-01-19T00:27:19","modified_gmt":"2021-01-19T00:27:19","slug":"case-subterane-amintiri-din-viitor-www-lifeandstyle-ro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lifeandstyle.ro\/index.php\/2020\/04\/30\/case-subterane-amintiri-din-viitor-www-lifeandstyle-ro\/","title":{"rendered":"Amintiri din viitor: vom locui \u00een case subterane?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u201c<\/strong>Casele subterane ofer\u0103 mai multe avantaje, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd economia de energie\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O tendin\u0163\u0103 nou\u0103 a caselor ecologice neconven\u0163ionale este construc\u0163ia lor \u00een subteran. Except\u00e2nd problema aportului de lumin\u0103 natural\u0103, astfel de case prezint\u0103 numeroase avantaje care se materializeaz\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd prin consumul redus de energie. Dac\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 acum oamenii au locuit deasupra iar ma\u015finile la 1 -3 nivele subteran, \u00een viitor situa\u0163ia s-ar  putea schimba la 180 de grade: este posibil \u015fi poate chiar probabil ca oamenii s\u0103 locuiasc\u0103 \u00een subteran iar ma\u015finile s\u0103 fie parcate \u00een suprateran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Grotele troglodi\u0163ilor<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Turi\u015ftii \u00een Tunisia sau Maroc care au ajuns \u00een zona de (pre)de\u015fert a Saharei din apropierea mun\u0163ilor au vizitat, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, \u201ccasele underground\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Acestea sunt \u201camenajate\u201d \u00een grote (gorfe) sau \u201cs\u0103pate\u201d \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2ntul lutos, chiar \u00een scopul locuirii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Aici tr\u0103iau odinioar\u0103 troglodi\u0163ii iar aceste case, adev\u0103rate precursoare ale caselor ecologice neconven\u0163ionale de ast\u0103zi, sunt date de exemplu de c\u0103tre ghizi nu datorit\u0103 s\u0103r\u0103ciei localnicilor ci ca model \u015fi solu\u0163ie prin care ace\u015ftia au reu\u015fit s\u0103 duc\u0103 un trai decent, dar \u015fi s\u0103n\u0103tos \u015fi natural, \u00een condi\u0163iile unor resurse minimale, inclusiv economice<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00centr-adev\u0103r, la o analiz\u0103 mai atent\u0103, se va observa c\u0103, de fapt, aceste case sunt construc\u0163ii foarte \u201cde\u015ftepte\u201d \u015fi ecologice care pot beneficia chiar \u015fi de gr\u0103din\u0103. S\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim numai de c\u00e2t\u0103 energie este nevoie \u00een zilele noastre pentru fabricarea cimentului \u015fi a betonului pentru o cas\u0103, \u00een compara\u0163ie cu cea de aici. Lutul, \u00een special, ofer\u0103 o izolare foarte bun\u0103, men\u0163in\u00e2nd r\u0103coarea atunci c\u00e2nd afar\u0103 este ar\u015fi\u0163\u0103 \u015fi c\u0103ldura atunci c\u00e2nd afar\u0103 este foarte frig (\u00een timpul nop\u0163ii, \u00een de\u015fert, de exemplu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ca \u015fi organizare a acestor locuin\u0163e, exist\u0103 o groap\u0103 ad\u00e2nc\u0103 iar pe diferite niveluri se reg\u0103sesc func\u0163iuni ale casei, cum este dormitorul sau cameta de zi. “Casele” sunt deci pe mai multe niveluri iar \u00eenc\u0103perile se bucur\u0103 \u015fi de decor, \u00eentruc\u00e2t femeile realizeaz\u0103 manual diferite decora\u0163iuni \u015fi accesorii, \u00een special \u0163es\u0103turi \u015fi obiecte din lut (ceramice) \u015fi lemn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coober Pedy, un \u00eentreg ora\u015f subteran<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coober Pedy este un ora\u0219 mic la jum\u0103tatea distan\u021bei dintre Adelaide \u0219i Alice Springs \u00een care locuiesc circa 2000 de locuitori. Este \u015fi o atrac\u0163ie turistic\u0103. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ora\u015ful este situat pe paturi de gresie \u0219i opal la o ad\u00e2ncime de 30 de metri \u015fi este acoperit  cu un de\u0219ert pietros, f\u0103r\u0103 copaci. Foarte pu\u021bin\u0103 via\u021b\u0103 vegetal\u0103 exist\u0103 \u00een ora\u0219 din cauza precipita\u021biilor reduse din regiune, a costului ridicat al apei \u0219i a lipsei de sol vegetal. Temperaturile aspre ale de\u0219ertului de var\u0103 \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 mul\u021bi locuitori prefer\u0103 s\u0103 locuiasc\u0103 \u00een pe\u0219teri sau \u00een s\u0103p\u0103turi \u00een dealuri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

O cas\u0103 de pe\u0219ter\u0103 standard cu trei dormitoare, cu lounge, buc\u0103t\u0103rie \u0219i baie, poate fi excavat\u0103 din st\u00e2nc\u0103 pe deal, la un pre\u021b similar cu construirea unei case la suprafa\u021b\u0103. Cu toate acestea, avantajul este c\u0103 ad\u0103posturile r\u0103m\u00e2n la o temperatur\u0103 constant\u0103, \u00een timp ce cl\u0103dirile de suprafa\u021b\u0103 au nevoie de aer condi\u021bionat, mai ales \u00een lunile de var\u0103, c\u00e2nd temperaturile dep\u0103\u0219esc adesea 40 \u00b0 C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Umiditatea relativ\u0103 rareori dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te 20% \u00een aceste zile fierbin\u021bi, iar cerul este de obicei lipsit de nori. Temperatura maxim\u0103 medie este de 30-32 \u00b0 dar poate fi destul de r\u0103coroas\u0103 iarna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Decorul interior este foarte bogat \u00een culori deoarece subsolul acestui loc este din piatr\u0103 de opal, o piatr\u0103 pre\u0163ioas\u0103 care prezint\u0103 diferite nuan\u0163e superbe \u015fi care astfel se reg\u0103sesc pe pere\u0163i \u015fi tavan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Un avantaj al caselor din acest ora\u015f subteran este faptul c\u0103 sunt excelent izolate din punct de vedere fonic datorit\u0103 pere\u0163ilor de piatr\u0103. Alt avantaj este c\u0103 amprenta de bioxid de carbon este extrem de sc\u0103zut\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bordeiele oltene\u015fti, ascunse sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nu este necesar s\u0103 ajungem, \u00eens\u0103, \u00een nordul Africii sau \u00een de\u015fertul australian pentru a vedea locuin\u0163e construite sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt. \u00cen sudul \u0163\u0103rii, \u00een preajma Dun\u0103rii a supravie\u0163uit p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een primele decenii ale secolului al XX-lea bordeiul, un tip arhaic de locuin\u0163\u0103, identificat \u00eenc\u0103 din neolitic pe \u00eentreg teritoriul Europei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Un astfel de exemplu (\u015fi anume, un bordei din satul Castranova) se poate vizita la Muzeul Satului din Bucure\u015fti. Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 perpetuarea acestui tip de construc\u0163ie nu s-a datorat condi\u0163iilor climatice vitrege \u015fi a resurselor limitate ci condi\u0163iilor social-istorice. Incursiunile turce\u015fti \u015fi t\u0103tare distrugeau a\u015fez\u0103rile, incendiindu-le, erau foarte frecvente, iar localnicii au recurs la \u201c\u00eengroparea\u201d caselor pentru a fi mai greu de observat de la distan\u0163\u0103 \u015fi av\u00e2nd \u015fi rol de ap\u0103rare. Bine\u00een\u0163eles, cu acest prilej au \u201cdescoperit\u201d \u015fi avantajele traiului sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bordeiul din satul Castranova, expus \u00een prezent la Muzeul Satului a fost construit la jum\u0103tatea secolului al XIX-lea. Planul cuprinde patru \u00eenc\u0103peri: \u201eg\u00e2rliciul\u201d- \u00een pant\u0103 (idee utilizat\u0103 \u015fi \u00een cazul caselor ecologice contemporane), camera \u201ela foc\u201d, camera de locuit \u015fi \u201ecelarul\u201d (depozitul de alimente cu butoaie, l\u0103zi \u015fi hambare).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De ce sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Energia nu vine numai de la Soare ci \u015fi din interior, de la magma de 3000 de grade Celsius.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scoar\u0163a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului este \u00eenc\u0103lzit\u0103 permanent de razele Soarelui iar din interior spre scoar\u0163\u0103 temperaturile scad, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t \u00een zona \u0163\u0103rii noastre iarna temperatura de \u00eenghe\u0163 (- 5 grade C) este la ad\u00e2ncimea de 0,9 m iar la ad\u00e2ncimea de 2 m temperatura este de 13 \u2013 14 grade. Fa\u0163\u0103 de gradientul de temperatur\u0103 anual,  situat \u00eentre \u2013 15  \u015fi + 35 de grade iar la ad\u00e2ncimea de 2 m, +12 – +14 grade iarna  \u015fi 16 – 17 grade vara, rezult\u0103 c\u0103 omul se simte cel mai bine la aproximativ 2 m sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu sau f\u0103r\u0103 subsol?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen trecut toate gospod\u0103riile aveau \u015fi un beci, fie sub cas\u0103 fie situat \u00een apropiere. Era folosit pentru depozitarea fructelor, legumelor, vinului sau altor produse, uneori era numit ghe\u0163\u0103rie (vara). Aici vara este r\u0103coare, iarna se poate sta, temperatura este constant\u0103 pe tot parcursul anului iar cheltuielile sunt mai mici \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte ventila\u0163ia \u015fi \u00eenc\u0103lzirea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen prezent subsolul reprezint\u0103 spa\u0163iul construit sub cota zero a unei cl\u0103diri \u015fi poate fi \u00eengropat \u00een totalitate \u00een sol sau nu (demisol), total sau par\u0163ial, c\u00e2nd este realizat doar pe o por\u0163iune din suprafa\u0163a cl\u0103dirii. \u00cen prezent, mai mul\u0163i proprietari de case (vechi) \u015fi-au amenajat subsolul, transform\u00e2ndu-l \u00een spa\u0163iu locuibil \u015fi devenind astfel o alternativ\u0103 la mansard\u0103, sau chiar la un etaj al casei. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Cas\u0103 \u00een Transilvania, autori: arh. Irina Filofi \u015fi C\u0103t\u0103lin Trandafir, foto: (c) cosmindragomir.info <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Avantajele caselor ecologice sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ca avantaje ale existen\u0163ei subsolului  \u00een primul r\u00e2nd m\u0103re\u015fte suprafa\u0163a util\u0103 a locuin\u0163ei. Suprafa\u0163a lui poate fi amenajat\u0103 \u00een a\u015fa fel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 se poat\u0103 depozitata alimente, vinuri sau alte produse. Subsolul va echilibra temperatura \u015fi \u00een spa\u0163iul de deasupra. Se va sc\u0103pa de mirosurile nepl\u0103cute din cas\u0103 (varz\u0103 acr\u0103, mur\u0103turi. Deasemenea, se va reduce \u00een acela\u015fi timp \u015fi factura de \u00eentre\u0163inere. La subsol se poate amenaja camera tehnic\u0103 \u015fi chiar o mic\u0103 usc\u0103torie (dac\u0103 se asigur\u0103 ventila\u0163ia). Beciul poate g\u0103zdui ma\u015fina de sp\u0103lat \u015fi tot aici se poate amenaja o cram\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Multe case ecologice<\/a> au fost construite \u201csub p\u0103m\u00e2nt\u201d, folosind numeroase dintre aceste avantaje. Nu mai este nevoie de funda\u0163ie, necesit\u0103 \u00eentre\u0163inere minim\u0103, pere\u0163ii din p\u0103m\u00e2nt salveaz\u0103 un volum \u00eensemnat de materiale de construc\u0163ie \u015fi asigur\u0103 protec\u0163ie termic\u0103 \u015fi fonic\u0103,  economii la \u00eenc\u0103lzire \u015fi r\u0103cire, protec\u0163ie la foc \u015fi v\u00e2nturi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pentru o astfel de cas\u0103 se poate apela \u015fi la solu\u0163ia de acoperi\u015f verde care asigur\u0103 un plus important la izola\u0163ia termic\u0103 precum \u015fi la cea a unei sere\/gr\u0103dini sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Aceasta din urm\u0103 este practic o groap\u0103 acoperit\u0103 cu un material transparent pentru a l\u0103sa lumina natural\u0103 s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103. Plantele sau legumele  vor beneficia de o tenperatur\u0103 cu varia\u0163ii mult mai mici \u015fi vor fi ferite de \u00eenghe\u0163.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Earth House Estate Lattenstrasse este un ansamblu reziden\u0163ial de 9 case neconven\u0163ionale construite sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt \u00een satul Dietikon (Elve\u0163ia), proiect Vetsch Architektur. Zona de zi este situat\u0103 spre sud, fiind mai la suprafa\u0163\u0103, cu o mic\u0103 teras\u0103 afar\u0103, dup\u0103 care se p\u0103trunde \u00een pant\u0103 la interior, la fel ca \u00een cazul bordeelor. Zona de noapte este spre sud, la mijloc este baia cu lumin\u0103 natural\u0103 asigurat\u0103 de ferestre de acoperi\u015f tip mansard\u0103. Casele au acoperi\u015f verde precum \u015fi ser\u0103 pe principiul amintit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Case ultramoderne cu construc\u0163ie subteran\u0103<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ultimele tendin\u0163e \u00een materie de arhitectur\u0103 ecologic\u0103 folosesc, de ceva vreme, solu\u0163ii constructive asem\u0103natoare, \u00eentr-o tratare high-tech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Aceste case, sau p\u0103r\u0163i ale lor sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt ,reunesc avantajele naturale ale ad\u0103postirii unei cl\u0103diri \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt – izolatie termic\u0103 \u015fi fonic\u0103 excelent\u0103 \u015fi pu\u0163in costisitoare – cu confortul tehnologiilor moderne \u015fi designul de ultim\u0103 or\u0103. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Principiul de baz\u0103 pe care func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 casele de acest fel este transferul \u00eent\u00e2rziat de c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u00eentre sol \u015fi atmosfer\u0103, la o ad\u00e2ncime suficient\u0103 temperatura r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd relativ constant\u0103 (13-14 grade Celsius) \u00een tot cursul anului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Acoperi\u015f “verde” sau \u00eenierbat<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru astfel de case subterane se poate amenaja un acoperi\u015f \u201cverde\u201d. Desigur c\u0103 astfel de amenaj\u0103ri necesit\u0103 lucr\u0103ri \u015fi cheltuieli, inclusiv cele de \u00eentre\u0163inere. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, deasemenea \u00eenveli\u015ful natural asigur\u0103 o izolare excelent\u0103, alt beneficiu fiind cel estetic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Schimbul de aer cu exteriorul este mult redus \u00een cazul casei \u00eengropate, ceea ce, pe de o parte, ajut\u0103 enorm la izolarea termic\u0103. Pe de alta, poate crea poten\u0163iale probleme cu calitatea aerului. De aceea este esen\u0163ial\u0103 instalarea de sisteme de ventilare performante. Costurile de \u00eentre\u0163inere \u015fi riscurile de incendiu sau cutremur sunt mult reduse, ca \u015fi cerin\u0163ele de spa\u0163iu, lucru important \u00een condi\u0163iile unor pre\u0163uri ale terenurilor \u00een continu\u0103 cre\u015ftere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • \"\"<\/figure><\/li>
  • \"\"<\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Dezavantajele \u0163in mai ales de infiltrarea apei, ce este, bine\u00een\u0163eles, o problem\u0103 semnificativ\u0103 atunci cand trei dintre pere\u0163ii casei sunt sub nivelul solului. \u00cen acest caz sunt necesare m\u0103suri speciale de drenare \u015fi hidroizola\u0163ii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Structura necesar\u0103 pentru sus\u0163inerea unui acoperi\u015f de p\u0103m\u00e2nt va fi mai robust\u0103, \u015fi deci mai costisitoare dec\u00e2t \u00een mod obi\u015fnuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    De\u015fi \u00eenc\u0103 rar utilizat\u0103, aceasta solu\u0163ie constructiv\u0103 este o op\u0163iune interesant\u0103 pentru cei care doresc ca locuin\u0163ele lor s\u0103 nu afecteze peisajul \u015fi s\u0103 fie mai aproape de natur\u0103. Arhitec\u0163i importan\u0163i, cum este Malcolm Wells, promoveaz\u0103 locuin\u0163ele \u00eengropate iar beneficiari de talia lui Bill Gates (a c\u0103rui cas\u0103 a fost descris\u0103 de Condo \u00eentr-un articol) au optat pentru acest mod de locuire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Foto: Pinterest, Shutterstock, Ion Diamandi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u201cCasele subterane ofer\u0103 mai multe avantaje, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd economia de energie\u201d O tendin\u0163\u0103 nou\u0103<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2158,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,23],"tags":[73,172,378,377,103],"class_list":["post-2157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arhitectura","category-tendinte","tag-acoperis-verde","tag-case-ecologice","tag-case-subterane","tag-case-traditionale","tag-solutii-constructive"],"yoast_head":"\nCase subterane: amintiri din viitor?. www.Lifeandstyle.ro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Case subterane prezint\u0103 numeroase avantaje, except\u00e2nd problema aportului de lumin\u0103 natural\u0103. 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